The Peerian Journal is an open access multidisciplinary peer reviewed scientific journal to publish the original research in multidisciplinary areas of study which is run by Peerian Journals Publishing. This journal follows a double blind peer review process to ensure the quality of publication. Authors are requested to submit their original manuscripts for publication in this journal according to the scope of the journal and authors guidelines. The objectives of the journal publisher are inline with the standard practices of scholarly publishing. Publication Frequency: Monthly ( 12 Issues per Year) ISSN (E): 2788-0303 Expect on average 10 weeks from submission to publication. The scope of the Peerian Journal is not limited to following areas of study: Engineering and Technology Theoretical and Applied Sciences Tourism Management and Finance Social Science and History Arts and Design Literature, Philosophy and Culture Medical and Natural Sciences Formal and Non-Formal Education Natural Language Processing for Happiness
Application Of Probability Theory In Practical Problems And Its Teaching Methodology
This scientific paper analyzes the application of probability theory in practical problems and its teaching methodology. The study highlights the fundamental concepts of probability, theoretical foundations, and methods of applying them to real-life situations. Furthermore, it explores effective teaching strategies, including interactive and practical approaches, to simplify complex concepts for students. The results provide scientific and practical recommendations for teaching probability theory effectively
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Alarbaeen Pilgrimage: A Reading in Light of Cultural Criticism
The research presents an interactive reading of the Alarbaeen Pilgrimage in light of cultural criticism, describing it as a cultural phenomenon with two dimensions: semantic and symbolic, intertwined with religious, social, and political dimensions. Through it, the values and principles associated with the revolution of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) are evoked and transformed into living practices that influence the collective consciousness. Furthermore, it serves as spiritual nourishment, encompassing feelings of grief, spiritual and psychological purification, and a return to the human self
The Interconnectedness Of Nature And The Human Being In The Scientific Heritage Of Abu Rayhan Beruni: A Socio-Philosophical Analysis
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the concept of the interconnectedness between the human being and nature in the scientific and philosophical heritage of Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. The study explores al-Biruni’s theoretical views grounded in the laws of nature, his understanding of the human being’s place within the natural environment, and the reciprocal relationship between human practical activity and natural processes as reflected throughout his works. Furthermore, the article examines the scientific research methods proposed by al-Biruni, highlighting the significance of empirical observation and experimentation in the acquisition of knowledge about nature, as well as the socio-philosophical implications of his ideas concerning the human–world relationship. The relevance of al-Biruni’s intellectual legacy in contemporary ecological and humanistic contexts is also discussed, emphasizing the theoretical importance of his insights for fostering a balanced and harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.
Philosophical Approaches In The Interpretation Of Art
The article discusses the philosophical interpretation of art as one of the oldest approaches in the history of mankind, through which we can discover the deep layers of meaning of works of art, understand the artist's worldview, the historical and social context of the work. This approach is a process of understanding art not only through "seeing", but also through "thinking" and "emotional experience"
Systems Biology Approach to Deciphering the Multilevel Impact of Pollution on Animal Physiology / Review Article
Pollution has strongly increased during the past decades due to intensive industrial activities, expansion of agriculture and urban areas, as well as increasing use of chemicals, heavy metals, POPs, and other novel industrial pollutants like micro plastics, these can affect health in animals and ecosystems on levels ranging from molecular changes in genes and proteins up to disturbances in metabolism and organ functions, including behavioral and social changes, which again may impede survival, reproduction, and biodiversity. Traditional single measure approaches cannot conceptualize the complexity and timecourse variability of the biological response to pollution. Systems biology allows a holistic perspective on such effects by way of integrated molecular, proteomic, metabolic, tissuelevel, and behavioral data. It will be able to deliver early biomarkers, identify adaptive and compensatory mechanisms used by organisms under stress, and give more reliable estimates of risks for the environment. Systems biology will continue to enable effective strategies in environmental protection, including those relevant to environmental pollutants, sentinel species as bioindicators, and predictive modeling of new or chronic pollutants. This approach faces several significant challenges, including the complex nature of both the data and biodiversity, the limited availability of high-resolution environmental data, the requirements for advanced computational tools, and the need for integrated, multi-level models. The study concluded that animal health and ecosystem stability are compromised at all levels of environmental pollution.
Clinical and Immunological Features of Osteoarthritis: The Role of Adipocytokines and Pathogenetic Phenotyping
To evaluate the association between Metabolic Syndrome (MS), clinical characteristics, and immunological status in patients with Osteoarthritis (OA), and to determine the prognostic significance of adipocytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The role of seaports in the development of Abbasid trade-a study of commercial activities and challenges
This extensive study examines the role of the Abbasid Caliphate during the first and second periods in managing seaports in Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, and how it dealt with the natural and logistical challenges facing international maritime trade during that era. The study highlights how the Caliphate sought to integrate ports into a flexible international trade network based on smart policies for maritime protection, financing the construction of docks, exempting merchants, and developing navigation methods. The study also addresses the types of goods exchanged, which included spices, luxury fabrics, wood, gold, ivory, and pearls. The study monitors floods, sea storms, and shifts in tidal lines that affected Abbasid ports, and how the caliphs responded to them through comprehensive plans, such as moving warehouses to higher hills, redesigning docks, and opening alternative routes. It also highlights the recovery of the private commercial sector through financial incentive measures. The study also highlights some of the Abbasid military strategies to confront pirates. The study relies on academic narrative documentation to demonstrate how the policies of the Abbasid caliphs contributed to building a flexible global maritime trade system. Efficient and able to absorb natural and human shocks, it continued to flourish for decades.
The Common History And Significance Of Uzbek, Korean, And Russian Epic Heroes
This study presents a comparative analysis of the epic heroes of three nations: Alpomish from Uzbekistan, Jumong from Korea, and Ilya Muromets from Russia. The research explores their common historical and mythological roots, highlighting how these heroic figures embody the moral and national ideals of their respective cultures. Each character symbolizes courage, justice, patriotism, and perseverance through trials — serving as carriers of cultural memory and identity. By examining these epics, the study reveals shared narrative patterns and mythic archetypes that transcend national boundaries. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the universal values embedded in epic literature and the cultural connections between different peoples. Such comparative analyses reveal the transnational nature of folklore and highlight universal human values. Through the figures of epic heroes, both cultural and spiritual similarities and differences among nations can be identified. This fosters intercultural dialogue and promotes a deeper understanding of the shared historical and moral roots of different peoples. At the same time, this approach helps preserve the uniqueness of national folklore and establishes its role within the context of world culture. By emphasizing universal values, folkloric works gain renewed relevance in today's society, becoming not only national treasures but also valuable sources for all of humanity.
Lexical – Semantic Grouping Of The Verbs Of English And Uzbek Languages
This article investigates the features of linguistic unites in the modern linguistics, their semantic field, thematic and lexical – semantic grouping which is discussed in the works of world scientists.
Tourism Marketing as a Community Service Tool: A Case Study of Iraqi Airways Offices
Tourism marketing is one of the most important tools for achieving sustainable development, as well as for developing the local economy and maximizing resources. It also works to attract tourists and promote the country's tourist attractions. Iraq possesses numerous tourist attractions, whether natural, archaeological, historical, heritage, cultural, or religious. Therefore, the role of tourism organizations is no longer limited to increasing resources but extends to serving the community and fulfilling social responsibility.
Modern Targeted Strategies For The Treatment Of Colorectal Cancer With Metastatic Liver Lesions
The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer with liver metastases.
The contribution of public law to achieving sustainable development
Sustainable development is a controversial issue within the framework of international public law. This is due to the lack of a precise definition of its concept and scope of application. However, the idea of sustainable development has gained significant influence and interest from members of the international community, especially after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (Rio Conference). This has been clearly reflected in many international conventions that have used the term sustainable development and other terms emanating from it, such as sustainable use, sustainable utilization, sustainable production, and sustainable management. This diversity in the terms used has created a kind of confusion and lack of clarity regarding the concept of sustainable development and the scope of its legal effect, as well as its objectives and legal principles within the framework of international law. Hence, the pivotal role of our study, which clarifies the contribution of international law to achieving sustainable development, is evident.
Results of Production-Condition Tests of the Aspiration System of the UXK Cotton Cleaning Unit
This article presents the results of comparative tests under production conditions of the current and improved aspiration systems of the UXK cotton cleaning unit in cotton processing enterprises.
The Role of Innovation and Development in Improving Product Quality and Increasing Customer Satisfaction
The research aims to understand the role of innovation and development in improving product quality and increasing customer satisfaction. The study's problem is central, as the Iraqi industry faces significant challenges that require continuous innovation and development to cope with fierce market competition. With the increasing demand for high-quality services, it has become clear that companies are facing difficulties in achieving customer satisfaction. The importance of the study lies in understanding how companies work to meet changing customer needs by studying how to enhance the ability of innovations to keep pace with current and future trends in customer desires. The study used the descriptive analytical approach. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed. The study community consists of all industrial companies in Baghdad Governorate affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Industry. A random sample of (40) clients from the Research and Development Authority was selected. Data were collected, analyzed, and hypotheses tested using SPSS for the social sciences. The study yielded a number of results: There is a strong direct correlation between innovation and development in Iraqi companies, improving product quality, and increasing customer satisfaction at a significance level of α = 0.05. There is a direct correlation between innovation and increasing customer satisfaction in Iraqi industrial companies . The study emphasized the importance of increasing customer feedback as an effective tool for driving innovation toward product development.
The Role of the Arabic Language in Tourism Service Quality: A Study of Tourism Services at Najaf Airport
This study analyzes the pivotal role of the Arabic language in enhancing the quality of tourism services, focusing on the services provided at Najaf International Airport, which is a major gateway to a city with a unique religious and cultural status in the Islamic world. The study aims to reveal the extent to which linguistic accuracy and communicative efficiency, whether written on signboards and documents or spoken in direct interaction between service providers and visitors, affect visitors’ perceptions of the overall quality of their experience. The study also seeks to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the current linguistic reality at the airport, based on the hypothesis that the Arabic language constitutes a fundamental element in the identity and spirit of the service, and is not merely a tool for transmitting information. The study relies in its methodology on linking the theoretical framework based on the components of service quality in modern administrative literature and the functional and aesthetic characteristics of the Arabic language, and descriptive field analysis based on the questionnaire directed to visitors and employees, and direct observation. This research comes to fill a gap in the academic literature, which rarely addresses the organic relationship between language and service quality in the tourism sector, especially in Sensitive religious and cultural contexts, seeking to provide an applied vision that contributes to advancing linguistic practices to meet contemporary challenges and future aspirations of the Iraqi tourism sector.
Morphological changes in vertebral synchondroses in an experimental model of hypothyroidism
This study investigates the morphological alterations of spinal synchondrosis under experimental hypothyreosis. The research focuses on structural, histological, and biochemical changes in the vertebral synchondroses, aiming to understand how thyroid hormone deficiency affects skeletal tissue formation and ossification processes. The results reveal significant degenerative and dystrophic modifications in the cartilaginous components, delayed ossification, and vascular changes that collectively impair spinal stability and growth. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of endocrine influences on the vertebral system and may support new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in endocrinopathies affecting skeletal tissues.
Means and Ways of Translating Foreign Collocations: Linguistic and Contextual Approaches
This study investigates the effective means and ways of translating foreign collocations from English into Uzbek, emphasizing the influence of idiomaticity, semantic transparency, and collocational strength on strategy choice. Using a bilingual corpus compiled from news, academic, and technical texts, collocations were classified as lexical or grammatical, transparent or opaque, and culture-bound or neutral. Strategies such as literal translation, calque, transposition, modulation, equivalence, explicitation, and phraseological substitution were tested. Evaluation was based on expert judgment and an error typology including selectional clash, register drift, and cultural mismatch. Results indicate that context-sensitive strategies outperform literal or calque methods for opaque and culture-bound units, whereas transparent collocations allow faithful, form-preserving translation. The paper proposes a decision framework linking collocation type and discourse function to translation strategy, offering practical implications for translators, educators, and CAT-tool developers
A research entitled Banking Risk Management for Digital Services in Iraqi Banks - An Applied Study in Rafidain and Rashid Banks
The research aims to determine the readiness of technical and administrative personnel at Rafidain and Rasheed Banks in the event of a sudden cyber attack. The study's problem was the main challenges resulting from rapid changes in the field of financial technology and the risks associated with its use. Banks' reliance on digital technologies in their operations may open the door to the emergence of multiple risks. The importance of the study lies in identifying the extent of the contribution of banking management in confronting the electronic banking risks that occur suddenly in AL-raafidayn and Al-Rasheed Banks. The study used the descriptive analytical approach. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed for all employees of the departments working in the Iraqi banks (Rafidain - Rashid) in Baghdad Governorate, which specialize in the nature of their work in managing electronic banking risks. Rafidain and Rashid banks have effective operating systems capable of managing electronic banking risks. However, there is a noticeable weakness in the availability of virus software. The study emphasized the importance of increasing periodic testing of computer operating systems to avoid electronic banking risks
The Role of Proactive Behavior in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Internal Control and Auditing-A Field Study of the Opinions of a Sample of AlQasim Green University Employees
The study aims to examine the relationship between the proactive behavior of university employees and the effectiveness of internal control and audit activities, through analyzing the opinions of a sample of Al-Qasim Green University employees. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted to achieve the study's objectives, with a questionnaire used as the primary tool for data collection. The results indicated a significant impact of proactive behavior on enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of control and audit systems, while also offering a set of recommendations to enhance positive organizational behavior. The study concluded that the management of the organization under study lacks a clear interest in encouraging administrative leaders to practice proactive behavior, which is considered an activity that works to seize and anticipate opportunities within the organization in order to maintain the effectiveness of internal control and audit, which entails ambition and the pursuit of excellence in controlling how to change in the future. Furthermore, the management of Al-Qasim Green University should contribute positively to dialogue and cooperation within the educational institution in a manner consistent with work requirements and based on different perspectives.
Geographical analysis of the characteristics of the natural water quality in the sea of Najaf and its impact on the development of fish farming
Fish wealth is an important part of agricultural and animal production and one of the main important pillars in the national economy and contributes to the national income by providing the food requirements of the population, but the work on the development of this sector is one of the necessary things to achieve self-sufficiency of fish products as well as providing the raw material for many food, food processing, agricultural, industrial, medical and therapeutic industries, so the quest for the development of the fish revolution reflects positively on other economic sectors, so research and study in this vital aspect of animal agricultural production (fish wealth) is of importance, especially specialized studies the study has taken the most important of these scientific problems, namely the problem of water and its natural qualitative characteristics that are underdeveloped and differentiated spatially and temporally, considering water as the environmental medium in which fish live and exercise all their effectiveness by studying the characteristics of water and its various qualities and its suitability for the growth and reproduction of fish in a wide aquatic environment located within the dry and semi-dry desert climate in the sedimentary plain area represented by a low Najaf ) in the province of Najaf .
Using The Socratic Method In Teaching The Subject “Fundamentals Of State And Law”
This article examines the possibilities of using the Socratic method in teaching the subject “Fundamentals of State and Law.” The Socratic method helps develop students’ critical and logical thinking skills, enabling them to substantiate their views and deepen their knowledge through discussions. The article provides a detailed analysis of the essence of this method, its origin, stages of application, and advantages. Additionally, examples of effective use of the Socratic method in discussing legal issues are given.
Analysis Of The Negative Technogenic And Environmental Impact On The Architectural Monuments Of Khiva
he Ichan Kala architectural complex in Khiva, considered a pearl of traditional architecture, was recognized in 1967 as the only city-reserve in Central Asia. In December 1990, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was granted the official status of "Open-Air Museum City." Khiva and Bukhara, "of global significance, require protection from the influence of time and human intervention." The inclusion of the architectural monuments of Khiva and Bukhara in the list of universal human values confirms their recognition on a global scale. At this time, a careful attitude toward them is a call to each of us"
Study Of The Current Epizootic And Epidemiological Situation Of Anthrax In The Republic Of Uzbekistan
his article presents the results of an analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was noted that the dynamics of human anthrax incidence in the country, in percentage terms, directly correlates with that of animals, although the absolute number of infected animals was on average higher than that of infected humans. This indicates a direct dependence of human morbidity on the spread of infection among animals. Based on the conducted analysis, groups of regions with the highest epizootic and epidemiological potential were identified
The Significance Of Population Migration As A Risk Factor For Cross-Border Importation Of Dangerous Infectious Diseases Into The Territory Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
This article examines certain types of external population migration as risk factors for the emergence of outbreaks of especially dangerous infectious diseases in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Central Asian region. The role of tourism and labor-related cross-border migration in shaping the epidemic manifestations of infectious diseases is highlighted. The importation of influenza caused by new virus subtypes, cholera, poliomyelitis, hemorrhagic fevers, anthrax, brucellosis, and others is becoming increasingly relevant for these regions.
migrationespecially dangerous infectious diseases
The Historical Experience Of Implementing New Technologies In Cooperative Enterprises Of Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the experience of developing and introducing new technologies in the production sector of cooperative enterprises operating in Uzbekistan during the years of Soviet power. The gradual development of rationalization and inventive movements during this period is studied. Also, the unique aspects of the activity of the handicraft cooperative and its role in solving the socio-economic problems of the country are highlighted. The article was prepared on the basis of archival sources.
Deletion of the verb in Ibn Adils interpretation of Al-Lubab
Deletion is a general linguistic phenomenon shared by all languages, especially Arabic. Deletion is an established phenomenon that cannot be dispensed with, and grammarians and rhetoricians have studied and analyzed this phenomenon. Deletion is the omission of one or more words from a sentence to achieve rhetorical purposes. Deletion requires a verbal or situational clue indicating the deleted element. The research addressed the most important reasons for deleting the verb, which are frequent use, the addressee's knowledge of the deleted word, and brevity and abbreviation. The research addressed the types of deletion of the verb, and the verb is divided according to the appearance of the deleted verb into two sections: the first: deleting the verb as permissible, and the second: deleting the verb as obligatory. Deletion sometimes aims to stimulate the imagination of the reader or listener by estimating the deleted element. The places where the verb is deleted in the interpretation of Al-Lubab varied. The research dealt with the places where the verb is deleted due to preoccupation, the deletion of the source factor or the absolute object, the deletion of the verb in specialization, the deletion of the verb in the oath, the deletion of the verb in the condition, the deletion of “kana” with its subject and keeping its predicate, the deletion of the verb on the condition of interpretation, and the deletion of the verb in temptation
The role of advertising and its impact on consumer behavior (Asia Cell as a model)
This research aims to study the relationship between advertising and consumer behavior, by analyzing how advertising messages in their various forms influence purchasing decisions and individuals' attitudes toward products or services. Advertising is examined in terms of its concept, objectives, and types, in addition to reviewing its various tools and media, with a focus on how these elements can be used to influence the target audience . The research also addressed the concept of consumer behavior and the factors influencing it, whether psychological, cultural, social, or personal, and how consumers interact with advertisements within multiple media environments. The research demonstrated that advertising plays a pivotal role in stimulating desire, building impressions, and directing purchasing behavior, especially when it is carefully considered and targeted. The research concluded with an applied study that examined a real-life model (such as Asia cell) to understand the effectiveness of advertising campaigns in influencing a specific target audience. This helped derive several conclusions and recommendations that enhance the effectiveness of advertising in the market and support companies in building sustainable relationships with their consumers.
Capital Adequacy and Risk Management in Uzbekistan’s Banking Sector: Trends and Perspectives
The adequacy of bank capital remains a cornerstone of financial stability, particularly in emerging economies facing macroeconomic transformation. This paper examines the capital adequacy and risk management practices of Uzbekistan’s commercial banks during 2016–2024, using official statistical data published by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan. The study evaluates trends in capital adequacy, profitability (ROA and ROE), refinancing rate dynamics, and recent regulatory reforms aligned with Basel standards. Findings demonstrate that Uzbekistan’s banking sector has consistently maintained capital adequacy ratios between 14–20%, significantly above the Basel III minimum of 8%. Profitability indicators, however, fluctuated more widely, with ROE dropping to 8.84% in 2016 before recovering. Despite strong capitalization, challenges persist in liquidity management, credit concentration, and risk diversification. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at sustaining resilience while improving efficiency and profitability.
The Historical Development, Scholarly Research, And Contemporary Significance Of Miniature Art
This article analyzes the historical development, scholarly research, and contemporary significance of miniature art. The study employs historical sources, art historical approaches, and comparative analysis methods. The findings demonstrate that miniature art represents one of the highest achievements of Eastern culture and continues to hold an important place in modern cultural and artistic contexts
The role of modern technology in transforming luxury services into basic services in the tourism sector
This research confirmed that examining the perceptions of tourism and hotel managers in Iraq regarding the role of modern technology in transforming luxury services into essential services in the tourism sector. Empirical .evidence strongly supports .the key role of cybersecurity and data protection in transforming luxury services into essential services, while the impact of digital marketing and artificial intelligence, despite their statistical significance, appears marginal. Travelers' digital experience does not significantly influence the transformation of luxury services into essential services, suggesting a more complex. relationship than initially thought. This research makes an. innovative contribution to understanding the relationship between digital transformation in tourism operations in Iraq, highlighting specific ways in which digital technologies can sustain the transformation of luxury services into essential services. Its importance lies in identifying practical. steps hotel managers can. take to harness the potential .of technological innovation, which contributes not only to improving the ability to change perceptions, but also. to promoting technology as .a key component of .business strategy in the .tourism sector.