The Peerian Journal is an open access multidisciplinary peer reviewed scientific journal to publish the original research in multidisciplinary areas of study which is run by Peerian Journals Publishing. This journal follows a double blind peer review process to ensure the quality of publication. Authors are requested to submit their original manuscripts for publication in this journal according to the scope of the journal and authors guidelines. The objectives of the journal publisher are inline with the standard practices of scholarly publishing. Publication Frequency: Monthly ( 12 Issues per Year) ISSN (E): 2788-0303 Expect on average 10 weeks from submission to publication. The scope of the Peerian Journal is not limited to following areas of study: Engineering and Technology Theoretical and Applied Sciences Tourism Management and Finance Social Science and History Arts and Design Literature, Philosophy and Culture Medical and Natural Sciences Formal and Non-Formal Education Natural Language Processing for Happiness
Early Detection Of Rickets In Children Under Two Years And Prevention Of Its Complications: Clinical And Preventive Perspectives
Rickets remains a preventable yet persistent pediatric metabolic disorder characterized by defective mineralization of the growing skeleton. The disease is particularly critical in children under two years of age due to rapid bone development and increased nutritional demands. Despite well-established preventive strategies, delayed diagnosis continues to result in irreversible skeletal deformities and long-term functional impairment. This review critically examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying early rickets development, evaluates current diagnostic approaches, and discusses preventive strategies aimed at minimizing disease burden. Evidence indicates that biochemical alterations precede clinical manifestations, highlighting the importance of early screening. Timely intervention through vitamin D supplementation, nutritional optimization, and maternal health management significantly reduces complications. The findings emphasize that effective control of rickets depends more on early detection and prevention than on treatment of advanced disease.
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Using the SHOA algorithm to find an initial feasible solution for transportation problems with different capacities, and comparing it with several classical methods
This research aims to conduct a systematic comparison between classical methods for solving transportation problems and The Shrike Optimization Algorithm (SHOA), a modern optimization algorithm. Both classical methods and SHOA were applied to a range of practical examples with varying capacities to evaluate performance in terms of solution quality, execution time, and computational effort. The results showed that classical methods yielded better results and lower-cost solutions in most cases, demonstrating their effectiveness and accuracy in achieving high-quality solutions. In contrast, while SHOA did not outperform SHOA in terms of solution quality, it was superior in execution time and computational effort, making it a suitable option for situations requiring rapid and acceptable solutions without high computational costs. These results indicate that the optimal choice depends on the nature of the application: while traditional methods offer more accurate solutions, SHOA provides a fast and practical alternative, especially for large problems requiring quick solutions.
the Shrike Optimization Algorithm (SHOA)
The impact of employing artificial intelligence applications in front office management to achieve organizational excellence at Iraqi Airways: A survey study in a sample of Iraqi Airways offices
The researcher aims, through this study, to clarify the relationship between front office management and its impact on achieving organizational excellence through the mediation of artificial intelligence applications, and to identify the extent to which the dimensions of organizational excellence are implemented by the studied sample. The researcher began with a main problem that included several questions centered around the nature of the influential relationships between the studied variables. This was achieved by analyzing the opinions of the employees working in the front offices of Iraqi Airways, using (123) questionnaires distributed to front office management employees. The study aimed to determine the relationship and influence between front office management as an independent variable and artificial intelligence as a mediating variable, and their impact on organizational excellence as a dependent variable. The first variable included four dimensions (inquiries, reception, reservations, and cashier). The second variable included four dimensions (expert systems, neural networks, algorithms, and machine learning). The third variable included four dimensions (information technology, innovation, service quality, and motivation). These dimensions interacted with each other. In order to achieve the aforementioned study objective and answer the questions The research questions and hypothesis testing involved formulating several main and sub-hypotheses. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted as the scientific methodology in this study to analyze the responses of the surveyed population. This was achieved through the use of a range of statistical measures and methods, including percentages, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, relative importance, Z-test, F-test, coefficient of determination (R²), Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. The researcher concluded that the indirect influence of front office management on organizational excellence through artificial intelligence is significant.
Modeling of the processes of nutrient assimilation of soil and cotton plants after exposure to ultraviolet radiation
This article presents preliminary theoretical calculations for selecting the power of a bactericidal lamp for ultraviolet irradiation of the "seed-soil-plant" system during cotton cultivation.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities of Hospitality Organizations
This study aims to demonstrate the importance of artificial intelligence in the hotel and hospitality industry. The study addresses the question of whether a strategy is being implemented in Iraq within the hospitality and hotel sector, and the extent of its impact on the operations and activities of hospitality organizations and the tourism sector in general. The study aimed to demonstrate the importance of applying artificial intelligence technologies in the tourism andhospitality sectors. The descriptive, analytical, and exploratory approach was followed in presenting the concepts and arriving at the results through the use of peer-reviewed scientific journals and websites . The importance of this study stems from the growing significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in hospitality establishments, which impacts their operations and performance AI is considered crucial as it is one of the most important modern tools and a major source of revenue for countries worldwide. The study concluded that its use effectively contributes to boosting tourism
Development of a mathematical model and selection of optimal parameters for neutralizing wastewater via the electrohydraulic effect
This study explores the application of the electrohydraulic effect as an alternative method for disinfecting wastewater. It details the construction of a laboratory-scale setup and outlines the interchangeable components involved in the treatment proces s. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the electrohydraulic treatment, accompanied by an optimization study of key parameters such as discharge voltage, capacitor capacity, and treatment duration. These variables were analyzed through statistical experimental design methods. A second-order regression model was formulated to predict disinfection efficiency, and its validity was confirmed using Student’s t-test and Fisher’s F-test. Optimal operating conditions were established, achieving high treatment efficiency while maintaining ecofriendliness and energy conservation. In addition to conventional disinfection methods, this work emphasizes the importance of innovative technologies in modern wastewater treatment research
Morpho-Immunohistochemical Characteristics Of The Ovaries In Early Childhood
This article aims to determine the specific morphological and immunohistochemical signs of the formation of a child's ovary in the embryonic and early postpartum period in girls. Morphologically and histochemically, the ovaries of 22 infants who died from asphyxia up to 3 months were studied. The results of the study showed that in the reproductive period, the development of ovarian dysfunction caused by pathologies in embryonic ontogenesis was detected. It was confirmed that the pathologies of the embryonic period affected the development of the ovary as a dangerous factor, leading to the development of hypoxia, dishormonal interaction, dystrophy and damage to ovarian tissue, the development of the main morphofunctional structures of the ovary, can be destroyed, necrosized in the fetal period, develop reparative inflammation or lead to hyperplasia.
The Role Of Epitets In Expressing Poetical Intent In Saida Zunnunova's Poems
This article examines the repetitions used in the poems of Saida Zunnunova and their specific features. The epithet (adjective) category is one of the most important stylistic means of the language, which helps to create richer and more colorful images through words
Cognitive upgrading and its impact on organizational development study consensus sample of Iraqi Tourism Authority
The goal of the current study to know the strength of the relationship between research variables as an independent variable and organizational development as a variable in the Iraqi Tourism Authority and to reach a number of recommendations that promote the organizational development of the Authority and from the importance of the theme The study and its importance to organized and private organization, including individuals and sample society, have a significant impact on their level of work. The study applied the analytical descriptive approach by analyzing a sample of sample of the sample authorities in the course of the tourism (53) Sample distributed on (Director General, Assistant General Manager, Head of Division), which was comprehensively distributed, and received the researcher (43) questionnaire, and when unloading (10) questionnaires are not valid for analysis Statistical sample (43) with relying on statistical methods (honesty, stability, coefficient and (SPSS.V.SMART) Liaison coefficient and standard deviation) In order to identify the assessments of the study, it is through the side Practical has been reached a total of conclusions and recommendations have been the most important conclusion that the Tourism Authority has a good level of application of modern technologies, but there is a weakness in some potential and technical infrastructure that reflects gaps in the application, It refers to the lack of clarity of some strategies or varying awareness among employees. A recommendation is that the Tourism Authority must build programs to develop rapid thinking and provide a database and information, through the establishment of learning societies, in order to improve decision-making and raise the level of performance and production and promote organizational development of the Authority.
Application Of Probability Theory In Practical Problems And Its Teaching Methodology
This scientific paper analyzes the application of probability theory in practical problems and its teaching methodology. The study highlights the fundamental concepts of probability, theoretical foundations, and methods of applying them to real-life situations. Furthermore, it explores effective teaching strategies, including interactive and practical approaches, to simplify complex concepts for students. The results provide scientific and practical recommendations for teaching probability theory effectively
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Alarbaeen Pilgrimage: A Reading in Light of Cultural Criticism
The research presents an interactive reading of the Alarbaeen Pilgrimage in light of cultural criticism, describing it as a cultural phenomenon with two dimensions: semantic and symbolic, intertwined with religious, social, and political dimensions. Through it, the values and principles associated with the revolution of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) are evoked and transformed into living practices that influence the collective consciousness. Furthermore, it serves as spiritual nourishment, encompassing feelings of grief, spiritual and psychological purification, and a return to the human self
The Interconnectedness Of Nature And The Human Being In The Scientific Heritage Of Abu Rayhan Beruni: A Socio-Philosophical Analysis
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the concept of the interconnectedness between the human being and nature in the scientific and philosophical heritage of Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni. The study explores al-Biruni’s theoretical views grounded in the laws of nature, his understanding of the human being’s place within the natural environment, and the reciprocal relationship between human practical activity and natural processes as reflected throughout his works. Furthermore, the article examines the scientific research methods proposed by al-Biruni, highlighting the significance of empirical observation and experimentation in the acquisition of knowledge about nature, as well as the socio-philosophical implications of his ideas concerning the human–world relationship. The relevance of al-Biruni’s intellectual legacy in contemporary ecological and humanistic contexts is also discussed, emphasizing the theoretical importance of his insights for fostering a balanced and harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.
Philosophical Approaches In The Interpretation Of Art
The article discusses the philosophical interpretation of art as one of the oldest approaches in the history of mankind, through which we can discover the deep layers of meaning of works of art, understand the artist's worldview, the historical and social context of the work. This approach is a process of understanding art not only through "seeing", but also through "thinking" and "emotional experience"
Systems Biology Approach to Deciphering the Multilevel Impact of Pollution on Animal Physiology / Review Article
Pollution has strongly increased during the past decades due to intensive industrial activities, expansion of agriculture and urban areas, as well as increasing use of chemicals, heavy metals, POPs, and other novel industrial pollutants like micro plastics, these can affect health in animals and ecosystems on levels ranging from molecular changes in genes and proteins up to disturbances in metabolism and organ functions, including behavioral and social changes, which again may impede survival, reproduction, and biodiversity. Traditional single measure approaches cannot conceptualize the complexity and timecourse variability of the biological response to pollution. Systems biology allows a holistic perspective on such effects by way of integrated molecular, proteomic, metabolic, tissuelevel, and behavioral data. It will be able to deliver early biomarkers, identify adaptive and compensatory mechanisms used by organisms under stress, and give more reliable estimates of risks for the environment. Systems biology will continue to enable effective strategies in environmental protection, including those relevant to environmental pollutants, sentinel species as bioindicators, and predictive modeling of new or chronic pollutants. This approach faces several significant challenges, including the complex nature of both the data and biodiversity, the limited availability of high-resolution environmental data, the requirements for advanced computational tools, and the need for integrated, multi-level models. The study concluded that animal health and ecosystem stability are compromised at all levels of environmental pollution.
Clinical and Immunological Features of Osteoarthritis: The Role of Adipocytokines and Pathogenetic Phenotyping
To evaluate the association between Metabolic Syndrome (MS), clinical characteristics, and immunological status in patients with Osteoarthritis (OA), and to determine the prognostic significance of adipocytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The role of seaports in the development of Abbasid trade-a study of commercial activities and challenges
This extensive study examines the role of the Abbasid Caliphate during the first and second periods in managing seaports in Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, and how it dealt with the natural and logistical challenges facing international maritime trade during that era. The study highlights how the Caliphate sought to integrate ports into a flexible international trade network based on smart policies for maritime protection, financing the construction of docks, exempting merchants, and developing navigation methods. The study also addresses the types of goods exchanged, which included spices, luxury fabrics, wood, gold, ivory, and pearls. The study monitors floods, sea storms, and shifts in tidal lines that affected Abbasid ports, and how the caliphs responded to them through comprehensive plans, such as moving warehouses to higher hills, redesigning docks, and opening alternative routes. It also highlights the recovery of the private commercial sector through financial incentive measures. The study also highlights some of the Abbasid military strategies to confront pirates. The study relies on academic narrative documentation to demonstrate how the policies of the Abbasid caliphs contributed to building a flexible global maritime trade system. Efficient and able to absorb natural and human shocks, it continued to flourish for decades.
The Common History And Significance Of Uzbek, Korean, And Russian Epic Heroes
This study presents a comparative analysis of the epic heroes of three nations: Alpomish from Uzbekistan, Jumong from Korea, and Ilya Muromets from Russia. The research explores their common historical and mythological roots, highlighting how these heroic figures embody the moral and national ideals of their respective cultures. Each character symbolizes courage, justice, patriotism, and perseverance through trials — serving as carriers of cultural memory and identity. By examining these epics, the study reveals shared narrative patterns and mythic archetypes that transcend national boundaries. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the universal values embedded in epic literature and the cultural connections between different peoples. Such comparative analyses reveal the transnational nature of folklore and highlight universal human values. Through the figures of epic heroes, both cultural and spiritual similarities and differences among nations can be identified. This fosters intercultural dialogue and promotes a deeper understanding of the shared historical and moral roots of different peoples. At the same time, this approach helps preserve the uniqueness of national folklore and establishes its role within the context of world culture. By emphasizing universal values, folkloric works gain renewed relevance in today's society, becoming not only national treasures but also valuable sources for all of humanity.
Lexical – Semantic Grouping Of The Verbs Of English And Uzbek Languages
This article investigates the features of linguistic unites in the modern linguistics, their semantic field, thematic and lexical – semantic grouping which is discussed in the works of world scientists.
Tourism Marketing as a Community Service Tool: A Case Study of Iraqi Airways Offices
Tourism marketing is one of the most important tools for achieving sustainable development, as well as for developing the local economy and maximizing resources. It also works to attract tourists and promote the country's tourist attractions. Iraq possesses numerous tourist attractions, whether natural, archaeological, historical, heritage, cultural, or religious. Therefore, the role of tourism organizations is no longer limited to increasing resources but extends to serving the community and fulfilling social responsibility.
Modern Targeted Strategies For The Treatment Of Colorectal Cancer With Metastatic Liver Lesions
The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer with liver metastases.
The contribution of public law to achieving sustainable development
Sustainable development is a controversial issue within the framework of international public law. This is due to the lack of a precise definition of its concept and scope of application. However, the idea of sustainable development has gained significant influence and interest from members of the international community, especially after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (Rio Conference). This has been clearly reflected in many international conventions that have used the term sustainable development and other terms emanating from it, such as sustainable use, sustainable utilization, sustainable production, and sustainable management. This diversity in the terms used has created a kind of confusion and lack of clarity regarding the concept of sustainable development and the scope of its legal effect, as well as its objectives and legal principles within the framework of international law. Hence, the pivotal role of our study, which clarifies the contribution of international law to achieving sustainable development, is evident.
Results of Production-Condition Tests of the Aspiration System of the UXK Cotton Cleaning Unit
This article presents the results of comparative tests under production conditions of the current and improved aspiration systems of the UXK cotton cleaning unit in cotton processing enterprises.
The Role of Innovation and Development in Improving Product Quality and Increasing Customer Satisfaction
The research aims to understand the role of innovation and development in improving product quality and increasing customer satisfaction. The study's problem is central, as the Iraqi industry faces significant challenges that require continuous innovation and development to cope with fierce market competition. With the increasing demand for high-quality services, it has become clear that companies are facing difficulties in achieving customer satisfaction. The importance of the study lies in understanding how companies work to meet changing customer needs by studying how to enhance the ability of innovations to keep pace with current and future trends in customer desires. The study used the descriptive analytical approach. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed. The study community consists of all industrial companies in Baghdad Governorate affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Industry. A random sample of (40) clients from the Research and Development Authority was selected. Data were collected, analyzed, and hypotheses tested using SPSS for the social sciences. The study yielded a number of results: There is a strong direct correlation between innovation and development in Iraqi companies, improving product quality, and increasing customer satisfaction at a significance level of α = 0.05. There is a direct correlation between innovation and increasing customer satisfaction in Iraqi industrial companies . The study emphasized the importance of increasing customer feedback as an effective tool for driving innovation toward product development.
The Role of the Arabic Language in Tourism Service Quality: A Study of Tourism Services at Najaf Airport
This study analyzes the pivotal role of the Arabic language in enhancing the quality of tourism services, focusing on the services provided at Najaf International Airport, which is a major gateway to a city with a unique religious and cultural status in the Islamic world. The study aims to reveal the extent to which linguistic accuracy and communicative efficiency, whether written on signboards and documents or spoken in direct interaction between service providers and visitors, affect visitors’ perceptions of the overall quality of their experience. The study also seeks to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the current linguistic reality at the airport, based on the hypothesis that the Arabic language constitutes a fundamental element in the identity and spirit of the service, and is not merely a tool for transmitting information. The study relies in its methodology on linking the theoretical framework based on the components of service quality in modern administrative literature and the functional and aesthetic characteristics of the Arabic language, and descriptive field analysis based on the questionnaire directed to visitors and employees, and direct observation. This research comes to fill a gap in the academic literature, which rarely addresses the organic relationship between language and service quality in the tourism sector, especially in Sensitive religious and cultural contexts, seeking to provide an applied vision that contributes to advancing linguistic practices to meet contemporary challenges and future aspirations of the Iraqi tourism sector.
Morphological changes in vertebral synchondroses in an experimental model of hypothyroidism
This study investigates the morphological alterations of spinal synchondrosis under experimental hypothyreosis. The research focuses on structural, histological, and biochemical changes in the vertebral synchondroses, aiming to understand how thyroid hormone deficiency affects skeletal tissue formation and ossification processes. The results reveal significant degenerative and dystrophic modifications in the cartilaginous components, delayed ossification, and vascular changes that collectively impair spinal stability and growth. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of endocrine influences on the vertebral system and may support new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in endocrinopathies affecting skeletal tissues.
Means and Ways of Translating Foreign Collocations: Linguistic and Contextual Approaches
This study investigates the effective means and ways of translating foreign collocations from English into Uzbek, emphasizing the influence of idiomaticity, semantic transparency, and collocational strength on strategy choice. Using a bilingual corpus compiled from news, academic, and technical texts, collocations were classified as lexical or grammatical, transparent or opaque, and culture-bound or neutral. Strategies such as literal translation, calque, transposition, modulation, equivalence, explicitation, and phraseological substitution were tested. Evaluation was based on expert judgment and an error typology including selectional clash, register drift, and cultural mismatch. Results indicate that context-sensitive strategies outperform literal or calque methods for opaque and culture-bound units, whereas transparent collocations allow faithful, form-preserving translation. The paper proposes a decision framework linking collocation type and discourse function to translation strategy, offering practical implications for translators, educators, and CAT-tool developers
A research entitled Banking Risk Management for Digital Services in Iraqi Banks - An Applied Study in Rafidain and Rashid Banks
The research aims to determine the readiness of technical and administrative personnel at Rafidain and Rasheed Banks in the event of a sudden cyber attack. The study's problem was the main challenges resulting from rapid changes in the field of financial technology and the risks associated with its use. Banks' reliance on digital technologies in their operations may open the door to the emergence of multiple risks. The importance of the study lies in identifying the extent of the contribution of banking management in confronting the electronic banking risks that occur suddenly in AL-raafidayn and Al-Rasheed Banks. The study used the descriptive analytical approach. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed for all employees of the departments working in the Iraqi banks (Rafidain - Rashid) in Baghdad Governorate, which specialize in the nature of their work in managing electronic banking risks. Rafidain and Rashid banks have effective operating systems capable of managing electronic banking risks. However, there is a noticeable weakness in the availability of virus software. The study emphasized the importance of increasing periodic testing of computer operating systems to avoid electronic banking risks
The Role of Proactive Behavior in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Internal Control and Auditing-A Field Study of the Opinions of a Sample of AlQasim Green University Employees
The study aims to examine the relationship between the proactive behavior of university employees and the effectiveness of internal control and audit activities, through analyzing the opinions of a sample of Al-Qasim Green University employees. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted to achieve the study's objectives, with a questionnaire used as the primary tool for data collection. The results indicated a significant impact of proactive behavior on enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of control and audit systems, while also offering a set of recommendations to enhance positive organizational behavior. The study concluded that the management of the organization under study lacks a clear interest in encouraging administrative leaders to practice proactive behavior, which is considered an activity that works to seize and anticipate opportunities within the organization in order to maintain the effectiveness of internal control and audit, which entails ambition and the pursuit of excellence in controlling how to change in the future. Furthermore, the management of Al-Qasim Green University should contribute positively to dialogue and cooperation within the educational institution in a manner consistent with work requirements and based on different perspectives.
Geographical analysis of the characteristics of the natural water quality in the sea of Najaf and its impact on the development of fish farming
Fish wealth is an important part of agricultural and animal production and one of the main important pillars in the national economy and contributes to the national income by providing the food requirements of the population, but the work on the development of this sector is one of the necessary things to achieve self-sufficiency of fish products as well as providing the raw material for many food, food processing, agricultural, industrial, medical and therapeutic industries, so the quest for the development of the fish revolution reflects positively on other economic sectors, so research and study in this vital aspect of animal agricultural production (fish wealth) is of importance, especially specialized studies the study has taken the most important of these scientific problems, namely the problem of water and its natural qualitative characteristics that are underdeveloped and differentiated spatially and temporally, considering water as the environmental medium in which fish live and exercise all their effectiveness by studying the characteristics of water and its various qualities and its suitability for the growth and reproduction of fish in a wide aquatic environment located within the dry and semi-dry desert climate in the sedimentary plain area represented by a low Najaf ) in the province of Najaf .
Using The Socratic Method In Teaching The Subject “Fundamentals Of State And Law”
This article examines the possibilities of using the Socratic method in teaching the subject “Fundamentals of State and Law.” The Socratic method helps develop students’ critical and logical thinking skills, enabling them to substantiate their views and deepen their knowledge through discussions. The article provides a detailed analysis of the essence of this method, its origin, stages of application, and advantages. Additionally, examples of effective use of the Socratic method in discussing legal issues are given.